After a recent power event, I experienced this problem. None of our iPods were appearing in iTunes; even those that sync via wireless. My problem was solved on the macosxhints forums by sprale.
In Terminal:
cd ~/Library/Application\ Support/SyncServices/
rm Local
If you aren't comfortable in Terminal, you will have to use the "Go to Folder"
feature in Finder since the Library folder is hidden. Just type
~/Library/Application Support/SyncServices/
in the text box and then send the
Local
file to the Trash.